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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT ) is known to be involved in airway remodeling and fibrosis of bronchial asthma. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to EMT have yet to be fully clarified. The current study was designed to reveal the potential mechanism of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) affecting EMT through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE cells) were transfected with miR-21 mimics/inhibitors and PARP-1 plasmid/small interfering RNA (siRNA). A dual luciferase reporter assay and biotin-labeled RNA pull-down experiments were conducted to verify the targeting relationship between miR-21 mimics and PARP-1. The migration ability of 16HBE cells was evaluated by Transwell assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting experiments were applied to determine the expression of Snail, ZEB1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and PARP-1. The effects of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 on the migration of 16HBE cells and EMT were investigated. Overexpression of miR-21 mimics induced migration and EMT of 16HBE cells, which was significantly inhibited by overexpression of PARP-1. Our findings showed that PARP-1 was a direct target of miR-21, and that miR-21 targeted PARP-1 to promote migration and EMT of 16HBE cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Using LY294002 to block PI3K/AKT signaling pathway resulted in a significant reduction in the migration and EMT of 16HBE cells. These results suggest that miR-21 promotes EMT and migration of HBE cells by targeting PARP-1. Additionally, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway might be involved in this mechanism, which could indicate its usefulness as a therapeutic target for asthma.
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Blumea balsamifera belonging to Blumea of Compositae family is a perennial herb or subshrub ，which is the only source of Traditional Chinese medicine Aipian and ethnic medicine essential oil of B. balsamifera . B. balsamifera contains volatile oil，flavonoids，sesquiterpenoids，phenylpropanoids，etc.，and shows antibacterial ，anti-inflammatory，analgesic，treating burns and scalds，neuroprotective and antioxidant effects ，etc. In this paper ，the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are summarized by reviewing the domestic and foreign research literatures ，and it is expected to provide a reference for the in-depth research and development and utilization of B. balsamifera .
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Objective:To summarize the clinical and laboratory characteristics of infectious mononucleosis (IM) in children.Methods:Clinical features and laboratory results of 270 cases with IM admitted to the Department of Pediatrics in Strategic Support Force Medical Center of People′s Liberation Army from January 2012 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. χ2 test was used for comparison between groups. Results:IM mainly occurred in children aged 5 months to 18 years old in autumn and spring.The highest incidence rate (105 cases, 38.9%) was 3-<6 years old (preschoolers). There were 253 cases (93.7%) with fever, 266 cases (98.5%) with adenopharyngitis, 196 cases (72.6%) with tonsil pseudomembrane or exudation, 248 cases (91.9%) with cervical lymphadenopathy, 92 cases (34.1%) with eyelid edema, 202 cases (74.8%) with nasal obstruction, 124 cases (45.9%) with nasal obstruction and snoring, 24 cases (8.9%) with rash, and 112 cases (41.5%) with splenomegaly.A total of 225 cases (83.3%) presented with typical triplets of IM (fever, adenopharyngitis and cervical lymphadenopathy). Sixty-two IM patients were complicated with pulmonary infections and 3 cases with diarrhea.The main co-infection pathogens in children with IM were Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) (79 cases, 29.3%), influenza A or B virus (34 cases, 12.6%), Streptococcus pneumonia (SP) (18 cases, 6.7%), adenovirus (22 cases, 8.1%) and cytomegalovirus (3 cases, 1.11%). A total of 46 cases (17.0%) had multiple infections.Laboratory test results suggested that absolute lymphocyte count ≥5.0×10 9/L was found in 199 cases (73.7%), and abnormal lymphocyte ratio >0.10 was found in 225 cases (83.3%). Some children had elevated transaminase levels.Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen-immunoglobulin M (EBV-VCA-IgM) was positive in 249 cases (92.2%), Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen-immunoglobulin G (EBV-VCA-IgG) was positive in 238 cases (88.1%), and Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-immunoglobulin G (EBV-NA-IgG) was negative in all cases.EBV-VCA-IgG showed low affinity in all cases (<40%). EBV DNA tests of peripheral blood plasma were carried in 153 cases, of which 118 cases (77.1%) were positive. Conclusions:EBV related IM mainly attacks preschoolers.Most patients are presented with typical triplets of IM.Eyelid edema, nasal obstruction, snoring, splenomegaly and elevated transaminase levels are prevalent in IM children.Most cases have a favorable prognosis.
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Paclitaxel is the first-line chemotherapy drug for a variety of cancers. However， the paclitaxel resistance greatly reduced the efficacy in the later treatment stage， which seriously increased the mortality and recurrence rate of cancer and limited the clinical application of paclitaxel. At present， Chinese medicine compound prescription， proprietary Chinese medicine， and Chinese medicine injection are widely used as the adjuvant chemotherapy drugs for the treatment of cancer in clinic. Chinese medicine has shown unique advantages in improving the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and the prognosis of chemotherapy， and reducing the toxic and side effects. However， the specific mechanism and effective monomer composition of Chinese medicine for reversing the resistance of chemotherapy drugs are unclear， and the application of Chinese medicine in different types of cancer is also limited， which are worthy of further exploration. This review summarized the composition of Chinese medicine monomer with synergistic antitumor effect combined with paclitaxel in recent years. The specific mechanism and pharmacological activities of Chinese medicine monomer reversing paclitaxel resistance were classified. This review found that through acting on the membrane transport protein， Chinese medicine monomer promoted the accumulation of paclitaxel in tumor cells， inhibited the expressions of protein and metabolic enzyme related to multidrug resistance and the metabolism of paclitaxel， and regulated the levels of apoptosis genes and factors and apoptosis-related pathways to promote the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on cell proliferation. Chinese medicine monomer also significantly improved paclitaxel chemotherapy sensitivity by regulating the expression levels of micro ribonucleic acid （microRNA） and long non-coding ribonucleic acid RNA （lncRNA）， inhibiting the characteristics of tumor stem cells and tumor metabolic reprogramming， improving tumor microenvironment， and triggering tumor cell death autophagy and oxidative stress response. This review provides a theoretical basis for clarifying the specific anti-tumor mechanism of Chinese medicine monomer combined with paclitaxel， which is of great significance for the development of new Chinese medicine and the clinical research of the drugs combined with paclitaxel， and has certain value for the application of Chinese medicine combined with other chemotherapy drugs.
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Objective To understand the etiological features of diarrhea in Xiangyang city and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of diarrhea. Methods A total of 1 142 stool samples were collected from diarrheal patients admitted to the First People's Hospital of Xiangyang from 2013 to 2017 anwere tested for pathogens. The pathogenic composition, population characteristics and time distribution of diarrheal patients were analyzed. Results Of the 1 142 diarrheal patients, 737 patients (64.54%) were tested negatively. Of the 405 patients tested positively, adenovirus was the most prevalent, with proportion of 38.27% (155 patients), followed by norovirus and rotavirus. Only 20 patients (4.94%) were tested as bacterial infection. Infectious diarrhea showed obvious seasonality, with largest infectious proportion in April-June. Patients younger than 1 year old were the most susceptible to infectious diarrhea and the proportion was 29.63% (120 patients). Conclusions The majority of infectious diarrhea was viral diarrhea, and the main pathogen was adenovirus and norovirus. Only a very small proportion of diarrhea was due to bacterial infection. The guidance for infant's feeding and the surveillance and control of virus diarrhea for infants should be strengthened.
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Response gene to complement 32(RGC-32)as an important response gene to complement was widely expressed in a lot of tissues and organs and participated in many biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, cell cycle regulation, inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor, etc.As a cell cycle regulator, RGC-32 affected the development of numerous diseases by regulating the cell cycle.In recent years, many studies have shown that RGC-32 may be involved in the renal tubular injury and repair, and its role in the renal tubular injury and repair may be related to its regulation of cell cycle especially the G2/M.This article will make a brief review on the progress of the mechanism of RGC-32 regulating the renal injury and repair.
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Response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) as an important response gene to complement was widely expressed in a lot of tissues and organs and participated in many biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation,cell cycle regulation,inflammation,immune regulation,and tumor,etc.As a cell cycle regulator,RGC-32 affected the development of numerous diseases by regulating the cell cycle.In recent years,many studies have shown that RGC-32 may be involved in the renal tubular injury and repair,and its role in the renal tubular injury and repair may be related to its regulation of cell cycle especially the G2/M.This article will make a brief review on the progress of the mechanism of RGC-32 regulating the renal injury and repair.
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Objective To investigate the risk factors of cognitive impairment associated with early post－acute stroke seizures (EPASS). Methods One hundred and sixty－eight eligible patients were recruited in the study. Patients were divided into cognitive impairment group and non－cognitive disorder group according to MMSE. General clinical data, severity of the stroke, location and extent of infarction, characteristics of epileptic seizures were compared between the two groups. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was utilized to investigate the independent risk factors of EPASS related cognitive impairment. Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate to severe stroke (OR=4.386, P=0.006), cortical infarction (OR=6.430, P=0.012), general tonic clonic seizure (OR=8.189, P=0.004), seizure frequency≥1 time per day (OR=12.818, P＜0.001) were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in EPASS. Conclusions Patients with moderate to severe stroke, cortical infarction, general tonic clonic seizure and seizure frequency≥1 time per day may have a higher risk of cognitive impairment.
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Objective@# To investigate the effect of blood glucose fluctuation on the expression of toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）and tumour necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）in the liver of diabetic rats .@*Methods @#The adult male Sprague-Dawley（SD）rats were used to establish diabetic rats model and then they were randomly assigned to sustained hyperglycemia group（MS group,n=20） and fluctuating hyperglycemia group（MF group,n=20）. The two groups continued high-fat and high-sugar diet,while MF group alternately received intraperitoneal injection of glucose and subcutaneous injection of short-acting insulin. Another 10 SD rats were assigned to the control group. After 6 weeks,the physical signs,blood glucose,triglyceride（TG）,total cholesterol（TC）,low density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C）,high density lipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C）,alanine aminotransferase（ALT）and aspartate aminotransferase（AST）of the rats were measured;the mRNA expression of TLR4 and TNF-α in liver tissues were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）;pathological changes of liver tissues were observed after HE staining .@*Results @#Compared with the control group,the rats in the MS group were always at the hyperglycemia status,the blood glucose of the rats in the MF group drifted between the peak and the trough. The weight growth of the rats in the MS group and MF group were slower. The levels of TC,TG and LDL-C significantly increased and the level of HDL-C significantly decreased in the MS group and MF group （all P<0.05）. The activities of ALT and AST increased both in the MS group and MF group,with the MF group increased more significantly（P<0.05）. The mRNA expression levels of TLR4 and TNF-α in liver tissues of the rats in MS group and MF group increased,with the MF group increased more significantly（P<0.05）. HE staining results showed that the liver cells of the rats in the MF group had more lipid droplet deposition,with the disordered hepatocyte line arrangement and more severe lipid droplet vacuolation. The lesion rate of the MS group and MF group were 83.30% and 100.00% .@*Conclusion@# The rats in this model showed signs of hyperglycemia complicated by dyslipidemia and liver injury. The expression of TLR4 and TNF-α increased in rats with blood glucose fluctuation,which might play a role in the aggravation of diabetic liver injury.
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Indiana is a common serotype of Salmonella isolated from food especially from poultry meat. Recently it demonstrated a raising tendency of infection cases and isolate numbers with high antimicrobial resistant rate against many common antimicrobials, including quinolones and cephalosporin which were regarded as the first line drug for the treatment of Salmonella infections, and this kind of Salmonella serotype was always carrying complex resistance mechanisms and also a variety of mobile elements, all of these features made the very clinical infections caused by Salmonella hard to treat and brought great difficulties and risks. Here, we review the prevalence of Samonella Indiana on national and international view, and we also anticipate the research progress on antimicrobial drug classes, multi drug resistance, co-resistance and resistance mechanism. We discuss the resistant genotypes, phenotypes, mechanism and transmission of Salmonella Indiana strains isolated from different origins. By introducing the resistance of Salmonella Indiana, we want to attract people's attention to this bacteria and its hazard, and offer some idea to evaluate and treat infections in clinical.
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Objective@#To obtain the serotype diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates recovered from retail chicken carcasses for sale in six regions of China.@*Methods@#From August 2010 to March 2012, each month 20 retail chicken carcasses including freshly slaughtered, chilled and frozen samples were collected from supermarkets and farmer's markets in 7 monitoring sites in Beijing, Jilin province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Shanxi province, Jiangsu province and Guangdong province, respectively. Samples were routinely collected for 12 months for each site. 1 680 chicken carcasses were collected in total and 2 629 Salmonella strains were isolated by PCR and biochemical method. Luminex xMAP method and classical slide agglutination method were carried out to determine isolates' serotypes. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 classes of antimicrobials including 14 agents were determined using broth micro-dilution method. Mocular methods were used to determine antimicrobial resistance genes of CIP-CTX-CT co-resistant isolates.@*Results@#In all, 2 629 Salmonella isolates, there were 17 seorgroups and 58 serotypes, B and D1 were the dominant serogroups with rates of 34.7% (n=913) and 31.0% (n=815), Enteritidis (30.8%, n=810), Indiana (17.6%, n=463), Infantis (10.6%, n=278) were the top three serovars. We found 224 CIP-CTX co-resistant S. Indiana containing 3 colistin resistant strains, one of them carrying mcr-1 gene and being ESBLs positive, which demonstrated a nine multi drug resistance against 11 antimicrobials tested.@*Conclusion@#These data began to describe the complicated serovar diversity and heavy antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates recovered from retail chicken carcasses in six regions of China. The findings highlight the emergence of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. Indiana and also a mcr-1 positive S. Indiana with heavy multi drug resistance.
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Objective@#To analyses the antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterization of 21 MRSA isolates cultured from retail foods from different provinces in China, and evaluate the molecular typing methods.@*Methods@#Twenty-one MRSA isolates were obtained from national foodborne pathogen surveillance network in 2012 (Chinese salad, n=3; milk, n=1; cake, n=2; rice, n=1; cold noodle, n=1; spiced beef, n=1; dumpling, n=1; packed meal, n=1; salad, n=1; raw pork, n=9). The antimicrobial resistance of 21 strains to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested by broth dilution method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were performed to obtain the genetic types of MLST (ST) and spa typing. The clonal complex (CC) was assigned by eBURST soft and the MLVA type (MT) and MLVA complex (MC) were identified via the database of the MLVA website (http://www.mlva.net). SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (SmaⅠ-PFGE) was also carried out to obtain the PFGE patterns of 21 strains. The genetic diversity and discriminatory power of typing were calculated by the Simpson's index of diversity (diversity index, DI) to find out the best genotyping method for MRSA.@*Results@#All MRSA isolates showed multi-drug resistance(MDR), and were resistant to oxacillin, benzylpenicillin, clindamycin and erythromycin, and 71.4% (15/21), 47.6% (10/21), 42.9% (9/21) and 28.6% (6/21) of the MRSA isolates were resistant to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin, respectively. Moreover, one strain was found to be resistant to all three antimicrobials of levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and rifampicin. Great diversity was found in these food-associated MRSA (6 STs, 7 spa types, and 9 MTs). PFGE patterns were more diverse than those of other three molecular typing methods (19 pulse types). The index of diversity (DI) of PFGE, MLVA, spa typing and MLST was 0.99, 0.80, 0.73, and 0.61, respectively. Among the MRSA isolates, CC9-ST9-t899-MT929-MC2236 (PFGE Cluster Ⅴ) was the most prevalent clone, which were all cultured from raw pork (9 isolates). Besides, two MRSA were identified as CC59-ST338-t437-MT621-MC621 (PFGE Cluster Ⅳ). Different clone had their own resistance spectrum profiles.@*Conclusion@#The food-borne MRSA isolates were all MDR in this study. Different clones had their own resistance spectrum profiles. MLVA represented a promising tool for molecular epidemiology tracing of MRSA in foodborne disease events.
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Objective To investigate the vein puncture assistive technology in the field of insufficient light conditions of auxiliary medical service staff quickly establish vein channel,improve the rescue efficiency and ensure the operational safety of application.Methods The night field training field,simulation of dark light intravenous therapy environment,select a project in Beijing City Corps training forces 429 soldiers as the research object,randomly divided into control group 214 cases,the use of military flashlight for intravenous infusion,215 cases in the observation group using the vein puncture assisted infusion,two group,the establishment of a single one-time successful puncture vein passage time and the incidence of adverse reactions.Results The simulation experiment in the observation group and the control group disposable puncture success rate were 95.8％,75.7％,the average puncture time was (66.38 ± 11.34)s,(89.94 ± 12.38) s,the incidence of adverse reaction were 3.88％,10.49％ The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Venipuncture assistive technology can improve the light environment,the success rate of vein puncture and strong practicability,high safety,wound treatment is suitable for various environments,fill the blank of vein puncture without light conditions,is of great significance to the security of military force.
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Objective To provide scientific basis for evaluating the efficiency of nursing service and reasonable allocation of human resources in blood collection by analyzing the time variation of visiting time in blood collection center. Methods Through the retrospective analysis of 2016 in different seasons and different blood centers working day and different time visits, obtains the variation of visits time;using a queuing analysis to evaluate different visits under the condition of nursing service efficiency and puts forward the scheme of optimal allocation of human resources. Results The blood center visits within one year of the first quarter of the lowest, the second quarter increased significantly, reaching the peak at the third quarter, the fourth quarter is relatively reduced; the work on Monday, Thursday, two or three high, five less;morning visits in different time was significantly higher than that in the afternoon, the morning peak on the 8:00-9:00 and 14:00-15:00 concentration in the afternoon peak; the situation of human resource allocation at this stage of blood centers, visits the peak season of nurse service intensity and low efficiency, the patients waiting for a long time, visits the low peak season, the nurse service intensity was low, idle for a long time, resulting in a waste of resources, quantitative configuration after the nurse service reasonable intensity, high work efficiency, effective treatment time of patients increased. Conclusions According to the law of time variation, the nursing service efficiency can be scientifically analyzed and the nursing manpower should be quantified to provide a scientific basis for hospital management.
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Objective To study the effect of citicoline on mild cognitive impairment MCI) in pa tients with middle cerebral artery stenosis (MCAS).Methods Eighty-six MCAS patients with MCI were divided into citicoline group (n=44) and control group (n=42).The patients in citicoline group were treated with citicoline (0.2 g,3 times a day) for 6 months on the basis of conventional treatment.Cerebrovascular reserve,PI,BHI and Vm between the two groups were compared by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography after treatment.MCI between the two groups was assessed according to the MoCA after treatment.Results The rate of cerebrovascular reserve,PI,BHI and Vm were significantly higher in citicoline group than in control group (13.59％± 1.16％ vs 7.61％±1.12％,P＜0.01;0.51±0.16 vs 0.58±0.12,P＜0.05;1.36±0.08 vs 0.74±0.11,P＜ 0.01;32.63％ ±2.32％ vs 16.92％ ± 1.68％,P＜0.05).The total MoCA score,attention,language,visuospatial and executive function,abstract,naming,orientation and memory were significantly higher in citicoline group than in control group (P＜0.01).Conclusion Early citicoline treatment can improve cerebrovascular reserve and alleviate MCI in MCAS patients.
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Objective To observe the expression levels of kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1) in renal tissues of ischemia-reperfusion rats,and to explore the value in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury.Methods Rats were randomly divided into two groups,control(CON) group (n=64) and acute kidney ischemia reperfusion injury (AIKI) group (n=64).Rats were sacrificed following reperfusion 2h,6h,24h,48h,72h,1 week (w),2 w,and 4 w.The changes of morphology were checked on HE staining sections under light microscope.The extent of tubulointerstitial injury was determined by Sayhan classification.The distribution and expression of KIM-1 in renal tissue were observed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.Serum samples were collected and serum creatinine measurement was performed at different reperfusion time points.Results (1) Compared with the CON group,the renal tubulointerstitial injury scores of AIKI group were significantly higher at all times after reperfusion (P<0.01).(2) The expression of KIM-1 was consistent with the tubulointerstitial injury.The positive correlation between KIM-1 and the tubulointerstitial injury scores was significant(r=0.887,P=0.003).(3) Compared with the CON group,serum creatinine in AIKI group was significant higher at 2h,6h,24h,48h,72h after reperfusion (P<0.05).Serum creatinine had no correlation with the damage of renal tubulointerstitial.Conclusion The expression of KIM-1 increases significantly in renal ischemia reperfusion injury,and it is consistent with the tubulointerstitial injury.Compared with serum creatinine,KIM-1 may be a more accurate biomarker of renal damage.
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Objective: To establish a method for the determination of norcantharidin in norcantharidin in situ gel .Methods:An optimal HPLC method was set up and an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column (150 mm ×4.6 mm, 5μm) was adopted.The mobile phase was acetonitrile-phosphate buffer solution(1∶9, adjusting pH to 3.1 with phosphorjc acid).The flow rate was 0.8 ml· min-1 and the column temperature was 25℃.The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm and the injection volume was 20μl.Results:Norcanthari-din had a good linear relationship within the range of 0.02-1.00 mg· ml-1 (r=0.999 9).The average recovery was 97.5%and RSD was 0.98%(n=9).Conclusion:The method is accurate, simple and reproducible, which can be used for the determination of nor-cantharidin in norcantharidin in situ gel .
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the main pathologic type that causes end-stage kidney diseases and the recurrence after kidney transplantation.So far, the pathogenesis of FSGS is still not entirely clear.However, more and more mutations have been reported on the FSGS, especially on the genetic FSGS.It is clear that podocyte plays an important role in the development of FSGS.At the same time, the role of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in the recurrence after kidney transplantation has become the research focus.This article will make a brief review on the progress of the pathogenesis of FSGS.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To elucidate the epidemic condition and molecular subtyping of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant Salmonella Indiana (S. Indiana) isolated from retail chicken carcasses in six provinces of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 2 647 Salmonella strains isolated from retail chicken carcasses collected from six provinces of China were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All Salmonella isolates co-resistant to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime were further characterized by serotyping, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing strains screening and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 2 629 Salmonella isolates tested, 227 (8.52%) isolates were co-resistant to ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime/cefotaxime (Beijing: 11.67% (99/874), Jilin: 8.20% (60/726), Guangdong: 1.39% (7/502), Jiangsu: 15.61% (42/260), Shaanxi: 8.56% (16/186), Inner Mongolia: 0 (0/81)), and 224 of them were identified as S. Indiana. 213 (95.10%) isolates of S. Indiana were ESBLs producing strains. All ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. Indiana isolates developed a multi-drug resistant profile and 17.86% (40/224) of them were resistant to all antibiotics tested except carbapenems, and 50.89% (114/224) of them resistant to 9 antibiotics, additionally, 25.45% (57/224) of them showed multi-drug resistance to 8 antibiotics. All ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. Indiana isolates were divided into 32 PFGE clusters and 150 PFGE patterns. Strains of S. Indiana from same or different sampling site and time seemed to either share the same PFGE patterns or be differential to each other in different regions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results indicated that chicken carcasses collected from parts of China were heavily contaminated by ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant S. Indiana and could serve as an important reservoir of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime co-resistant Salmonella. Molecular subtyping results indicated that cross contamination or common pollution source might be in these strains.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Pharmacology , Cefotaxime , Pharmacology , Chickens , Microbiology , China , Ciprofloxacin , Pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Food Contamination , Food Microbiology , Meat , Microbiology , Salmonella , Classification , Serotyping , beta-LactamasesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare two methods of bleomycin administration for inducing lung fibrosis in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bleomycin (5 mg/kg) was intratracheally instilled or by intratracheal administration of its aerosol (100 µl) in mice. Evans Blue instead of bleomycin was intratracheally administered in the two manners to observe the liquid distribution in the lungs. On Days 14 after bleomycin treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the lungs were removed en bloc to determine the lung coefficient and hydroxyproline concentration, and the histological changes and lung fibrosis were evaluated by HE and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Evans Blue intratracheal aerosol distribution in the lung lobes. Intratracheal administration of bleomycin and its aerosol produced no obvious changes in the lung coefficient (P=0.434), and resulted in similar total histopathological scores and fibrosis level in mice (P=0.244 and 0.686, respectively). Bleomycin instillation caused obvious lung injury and lung fibrotic foci with significantly different histological and fibrotic scores between the pulmonary lobes (P=0.016 and 0.038, respectively), while bleomycin aerosol inhalation resulted in similar histological and fibrotic scores in the pulmonary lobes (P=0.466 and 0.29, respectively). A higher level of hydroxyproline was observed in mice with bleomycin aerosol administration (P=0.020).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Intratracheal bleomycin instillation and bleomycin aerosol inhalation induce similar levels of fibrosis in the lungs of mice, but the latter causes more extensive and more evenly distributed fibrosis in the lungs.</p>